Must know about Motor Vehicle Search, Searches Warrant Exception, Interrogations, Eye Witnesses, Line ups/ identifications, searches and seizures,

The prohibition of genocide is considered to be a jus cogens norm.

1. Explain what jus cogens means.
2. Explain at least two legal effects of the fact that the prohibition of genocide is a jus cogens norm.

Week 1 Case Questions

Select TWO court cases (from different chapters) from the list below, and respond in writing to the case questions.

Casias v. Wal-Mart Stores 

Nino v. The Jewelry Exchange 

EEOC v. Autozone 

Narayan v. EGL, Inc. 

Glatt v. Fox Searchligh Pictures

Zheng v. Liberty Apparel Co.

Jones v. Oklahoma City Public Schools 

Diaz v. Kraft Foods Global 

Chattman v. Toho Tenax America 

Geleta v. Gray 

Since the second half of the twentieth century international courts and tribunals have proliferated. One of the often-mentioned consequences of this process is fragmentation of international law.

• Explain, with the help of at least one concrete example, what fragmentation of international law means in the light of proliferation of courts and tribunals.

The case Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989)(not in textbook find your own source material) is very important to police use of force. First, explain the details of the case. Next, explain its importance to law enforcement’s use of force. Lastly, tell me what you think about the reasonableness standard. Should it be changed? If so, why? If it shouldn’t be changed, why?

Approximately one page to answer the question. Response should be in Times New Roman, 12 font, double spaced. Cite sources using APA.

I’m working on a criminal justice multi-part question and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.

Imagine: Your supervisor has asked you to create a training on homicide investigations for your coworkers. This training will be in two parts.

Part 1: Classification of Homicides

On one page, create a table to be a job aid comparing the different types of homicides. Your table should look something like this:

Part 2: Case Analysis

In the second part of your training, you will analyze a closed homicide case in Texas. I selected a case from a program called Nexis Uni (Document Attached).

In 4 pages, summarize the Nexis Uni investigation. Your analysis should be in this order:

• Describe the circumstances surrounding the case.
• Summarize the key factors that may have been used to classify the type of death and the finding.
  • Analyze the ways that various environmental factors may have influenced the medical examination and autopsy in this investigation.
• Identify the forensic methods that were reported in the investigation and their findings.
  • This may include methods like DNA, toxicology, hair and fiber evidence, fingerprints, or any other methods which contributed to the investigation.
• Recommend one way that the investigators or forensic team could have strengthened their case based on your understanding of it.
• Cite three references.
  • One of your references will be the case record that you found from Nexis Uni.
  • Other references may be news articles that pertain to the case, and other court cases or rules that are referenced in the case.
• Clarity, writing mechanics, and formatting requirements.

The specific course learning outcome associated with this assignment is:

• Determine the procedures for conducting a preliminary death investigation.

Please respond to the below discussion post. Please use scholarly resources. Also do not just agree with the post but intriduce new ideas and be engaging.

Assessment of the Value of the Budget Cycle

A budget cycle is a valuable tool for both governments and organizations in creating and approving the budget. The assessment of the budget cycle identifies the significance of each step in the budget cycle.

Revenue Estimation

Revenue estimation for the budget is performed by the executive branch of an entity, such as the manager, budget director, clerk’s office, and finance director. At the federal level, the president is tasked with the responsibility. In a parliamentary system, the chief executive or the prime minister is charged with the estimation. Also, the budget estimation needs to factor input the return on investment and the underlying risk (Rubin, & Mantell, 2020). The revenue estimates are tabled for the next step of budget formulation. This is the initial strategy of the budget cycle.

Budget Formulation

Budget formulation entails a reflection of the past performance and the set objectives followed by a reconciliation of the revenue estimates. The primary activity at this stage is to set the parameters of the budget. The executive arm of either the government or an organization indicates revenue generation and mode of resource distribution. The appropriate technique is incremental budgeting.By using the historical data as a baseline, the formulators can determine the budgetary allocation for the following year. The historical data includes both expenditure and income data as the starting point.

Budget Hearings

The budget hearings include public and stakeholders’ participation, executive, sections, and the departments.The aim is to discuss the budget changes during the budget formulation after the revenue estimates. During the budget hearing process, valuable input is incorporated into the proposed budget. At this point, the public is invited to offer their proposals in case of a government budget. In the case of an organization, the stakeholders get a glimpse of the executive plans. Also, have a chance to input their contributions.

Budget Adoption

Budget adoption entails the final approval by the legislative body: congress, state legislature, school board, or the shareholders. The legislature’s task is to review the budgetary recommendations of the executive based on the original agency or departmental budget requests. The legislative body may decrease the budgetary allocations for specific areas (Goleva, & Mircheva, 2020). However, in some instances, there exist limitations in increasing budgetary allocation. In a parliamentary system, the parliament can modify the budgetary allocation but cannot increase the government’s expenditure. The modifications are based on a series of hearings where individual agencies or departments and the central budget office testify. In a government setting, the approved budget becomes law.

Budget Execution

The executive is tasked with collecting the approved revenue and allocating it according to the approval by the legislative body. The entire process involves reporting, adjusting, and monitoring the approved budget. The executive can only undertake the projects, programs, and policies in the enacted budget (Fischer et al., 2017). There exist differences in the monitoring and regulation on the adherence to the budget among governments and organizations. However, it should be according to the set regulations.

Assessment of the Value of Budgetary Planning Techniques

Budgetary assessment evaluates whether the allocated resources or revenue has been used effectively and appropriately. The four steps include forecasting, financial modeling, driver-based planning, and trend analysis.

Trend Analysis

Trend analysis encompasses both long-term and short-term evaluation of the expenditure and revenues. The periods may be measured in years, quarters or months. The aim is to analyze and calculate the percent change and amount change over the periods (Molotok, 2020). Hence, one can identify areas of over-spending and areas with extra money. The results determine whether the spending is aligned to the financial goals of the budget.

Driver-Based Planning

The driver-based planning examines the critical aspects of the budget, both expenditure and revenue, and the elements that influence their trend. Such elements include the number of residents, the overall objective, and the amount of revenue generated. The outcome of this stage is to link the expenditure required with the revenue needed to fulfill it. Also, the relevant body is guided on which elements need to modify to ensure the budget is still aligned to the financial goals.

Financial Modeling

Financial modeling entails the use of equations to support driver-based planning. The process builds an abstract representation that mirrors the real-world financial scenario. Examples include spreadsheet models for modeling techniques, forecasting, company valuation, and investment analysis. The financial modeling results support the identified trends and the required changes since the executive presents an almost real-world scenario. From the financial model, the stakeholders have a glimpse of what to expect in the future.

Forecasting

Forecasting incorporates financial modeling into linear regression, multiple regression, and nonlinear extrapolation. This predicts the future outcome and tests the model fit of the financial data used in financial modeling (Kumar. 2021). Hence, the government or the organization can estimate the expected income or revenue. Remember, the budget quantifies the expected revenue while forecasting indicates what will be achieved in a future period.

References

Fischer, L. S., Santibanez, S., Jones, G., Anderson, B., & Merlin, T. (2017). How Is CDC funded to respond to public health emergencies? Federal appropriations and budget execution process for non–financial experts. Health security, 15(3), 307-311. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/HS.2017.0009

Goleva, V., & Mircheva, V. (2020). Constitutional and financial legal aspects of the state budget in the republic Of Bulgaria. Economics & Law, 2(1), 16-42. https://ideas.repec.org/a/neo/ecolaw/v2y2020i1p16-42.html

Kumar, S. (2021). Predictive, regression, and model building for driver-based budgeting.

Molotok, I. F. (2020). Bibliometric and trend analysis of budget transparency.

Rubin, M. M., & Mantell, N. (2020). Revenue forecasting and revenue estimation. In Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy (pp. 2920-2926). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/revenue-forecasting-revenue-estimation-marilyn-rubin-nancy-mantell/e/10.1081/E-EPAP3-546

Reply:

Discussion Thread: Budget Cycle

Assessment of the Value of the Budget Cycle

In this discussion, the budget model used is that of school districts in California. In comparison with other states and the federal government, California school districts do not have the power to tax. That privilege ended in 1978 with law changes that fixed the allocation to 1% of property values within the jurisdiction. This makes budgeting somewhat difficult as the revenues are limited by the allocation, part state, and part local, as well as revenues generated by enterprise funds and grants. Fiscal control, however, remains an important focus as explained by Mikesell, “The first expectation of a budget process is that it will be a tool for fiscal discipline” (Mikesell, 2017, 158).

Revenue Estimation and Budget Formulation: To estimate revenues, fiscal officers utilize trend analysis processes that include past student enrollment for forecasting as well as prior per-student allocations plus the inflation factors normally added to the apportionment formulas. This process allows for “close to reality” assumptions that allow for a precise budget building with allocations for the various departments and schools. As Ammons explains, “Each local government department may have particularized tactics. Staffing norms, professional standards, real and imagined mandates, benchmarks, accreditation, and surveys all help agencies to justify budgets” (Rubin, 2015, 182). Local accountability laws passed in 2015 mandate stakeholder input in the budget development process, including the formation of committees that include staff, students, elected officials, and public input. The stakeholder input has been built into the local control formulas, which mandate that the revenues are directly related to the proposed and ongoing programs for the budget year. This stakeholder involvement is similar to the federal process explained by Mikesell: “Not only is the budget a financial accounting of the receipts and expenditures of the federal government; it also sets forth a plan for allocating resources—between the public and private sectors and within the public sector—to meet national objectives” (Mikesell, 2017, 155).

Budget Hearings and Budget Adoption: The state requires a budget adoption calendar that includes stakeholder involvement assurances and a public hearing at a different meeting than that for the budget adoption. The hearing meeting allows for public input and for the Board of Education to ask questions concerning the proposed budget and direct changes to be implemented by the executives. The state mandates that these meetings result in the adoption of a balanced budget by July 1. The Bible, in Corinthians, explains the fiscal cycle and budget obligations: “On the first day of every week, each one of you should set aside a sum of money in keeping with your income, saving it up, so that when I come no collections will have to be made” (ESV Bible, 2001, Corinthians 16:2).

Budget Execution: The annual budget process requires quarterly meetings, called interim reports, which require adjustments and reporting of updates to the Board of Education and the State. This process also serves to start the development of the subsequent year’s budget and mandates the implementation of multi-year projections that serve to analyze the sustainability of the proposed budgetary reports for the required three years. To complete the process, the fiscal team must make a variety of assumptions and estimations, as Ammons explains, “Each local government department may have particularized tactics. Staffing norms, professional standards, real and imagined mandates, benchmarks, accreditation, and surveys all help agencies to justify budgets” (Rubin, 2015, 182)

Assessment of the Value of Budgetary Planning Techniques

Trend Analysis-Fiscal offices are required to develop multi-year analyses to examine long-term revenues and expenditures, both for the justification of new programs and the sustainability of existing programs and mandates. The historical perspective serves to identify trends that can support or reject the fiscal plans of a particular department or school and provide the governance team with the background needed for budgetary decisions.

Driver-Based Planning-The state-mandated local control formulas require financial planning reporting based on organizational objectives, stakeholder-driven educational goals, student enrollment trends, and the actual student attendance factors, all of which serve to provide the amount of state funding received, thus incentivizing districts to increase student attendance.

Financial Modeling-In addition to basic planning models, Sexton (2010) explains that fiscal teams utilize demographic studies and legislative reviews to develop more sophisticated forecasting models that take into consideration new developments that can generate students, like housing, and plans that can decrease revenues, such as eminent domain for the development of a new rail system or commercial venture, as explained by Rubin: “budgeters tend to weigh political cues more heavily than economic cues, even though economic factors play a significant role in the analysts’ decision process” (Rubin, 2015, 194).

Forecasting – Fiscal officers develop “cohort-survival” forecasting systems to predict student populations and where in the district changes will take place to better direct resources and programs to those areas. As Korey (2011) explains, economic factors and more complex analysis involving birth records and other demographic factors can provide more precise information for budgetary and program development, allowing for better budgeting than a simple incremental approach, as explained by Rubin: “As incrementalism falls away, the books get more complex, more interesting, and less internally contradictory”  and “ Recent work has changed the view of budgeting as the allocation of dollars to the allocation of a variety of resources, including loans, subsidies, insurance, and grants” (Rubin, 2015, 187-189).

In conclusion, although California education budgeting has many similarities to state and federal budgeting, the direct involvement of the public, although sometimes underinformed (McGhee, 2010), provides a level of responsiveness and accountability that varies from the other levels of government, as well as more immediate public reaction about the results of the budget allocations.

References:

English Standard Version Bible. (2001). ESV Online. https://esv.org/

Korey. (2011). California: A Failed State or Too Big to Fail? California Journal of Politics and Policy., 3(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.5070/P2QC70

McGhee, E. M. (2010) “How Much Does the Public Know About the State Budget, and Does It Matter?” California journal of politics and policy. 2.3. 1–22. Web.

Mikesell, J. (2017). Fiscal Administration (10th Edition). Cengage Learning US. https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9781337515…

Rubin, I. S. (2015). Public Budgeting. Taylor & Francis. https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9781317461838

Sexton. (2010). A Blueprint for Rebuilding California’s Antiquated Fiscal Structure: Review of California in the Balance: Why Budgets Matter. California Journal of Politics and Policy., 2(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5070/P2F604

Stone, Samuel B. “Boom & Bust: The Politics of the California Budget, by Jeff Cummins. Berkeley: Berkeley Public Policy Press.” Public budgeting & finance. 35.4 (2015): 112–115. Web.

Former No. 2 in L.A. Sheriff’s office surrenders to prison to serve 5-year sentence

*****In teams of 2-4 address all facets of the assignment (I, II & III) to earn maximum points.

The Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. Eighth Amendment lawsuits claim problems in medical care, the use of force by correctional officers, the failure of prison officials to protect inmates from attacks by other inmates, and improper conditions of confinement.

TASKS:

I. Summarize the facts of the case in the grand jury indictment.

II. Critically assess whether there were 8th Amendment violations of the rights of inmates in the men’s central jail?

III. Review the sentencing document on Paul Tanaka (Undersheriff) Tanaka Sentence Document (Links to an external site.) link

IV. Respond to the following questions:

1. Q: Did the undersheriff deserve to go to jail for his role in the conduct of his deputies?
2. Q: Did the Sheriff deserve to go to jail?

V. Research a case that involves the violation of the rights of prisoners. Summarize the facts of the case

Or you

• Research one of the U.S. Supreme Court case decision noted below that addresses the rights of prisoners’. Is there a correlation between the conduct reported in the indictment, your independent researched case, and the issues addressed in the Supreme court case decisions? Discuss your findings.
• Helling v. McKinney
• Pell v. Procunier
• Wolff v. McDonnell
• Cooper v. Morin
• Coffin v. Reichard
• Farmer v. Brenna.
• You may also research -Additional Categories: County Jail conditions; Disability Rights; Excessive Force; General Conditions; Overcrowding.

INSTRUCTIONS

Develop a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation that includes all three facets of the bullets noted above. **Include detailed explanations in the speaker notes section that correlate with each point.

Include videos, audio, photos, diagrams, or graphs as appropriate the paper and presentation consistent with APA guidelines format

*You will be graded on both your written and response to the presentations of your colleagues.

• The written PowerPoint presentation is worth 20 points.

*Follow the 7X7 rule when completing your PowerPoint. No more seven bullets per slide. Note details/summary of the case in the speaker notes section at the bottom of the slide. Include a cover and reference page. Be sure to include graphics in your presentation slides. Brief video clips are allowed.

• Review and respond to the PPT posts of at least two colleagues.

The link below is a youtube video on how to complete a PowerPoint presentation.

https://support.office.com/…/Basic-tasks-for-creating-a-PowerPoint-presentation-efbbc

As a reminder, you are not sending out a text message or tweet, so when writing your post, use proper English, grammar, and writing mechanics.

Use the “Reply” icon to start your discussion. Once you type and spell-check your thread, use the “Post Reply” icon to submit your thoughts. Use can also review the Canvas video Links to an external site.on posting discussions.